For years, the crypto industry treated hardware wallets as the final answer to self-custody.
The logic seemed simple. Keep private keys on a dedicated device, disconnect them from the internet, and digital assets become significantly harder to compromise. In an ecosystem constantly affected by exchange failures, phishing attacks, wallet drains, and software exploits, hardware wallets became synonymous with security itself.
But the assumptions that shaped the hardware wallet era are beginning to change.
The crypto industry is entering a new phase, one where security discussions are no longer centered around devices, but around architecture. Instead of asking whether a private key is stored on a piece of hardware, developers and infrastructure builders are increasingly asking a different question:
How much trust is required for the system itself to remain secure?
That shift is forcing a broader conversation about the future of self-custody.
And increasingly, many across the
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