Cryptocurrency exchanges are emerging as the clearest pressure point in Bitcoin’s long-running debate over quantum computing risk, sitting on millions of coins with publicly visible cryptographic keys.
Bitcoin quantum risk begins with a fundamental feature of its transaction verification: public keys are hidden until funds are spent.
Once a wallet signs a transaction, the public key required to verify that signature is permanently published to the blockchain. The risk compounds when a custodian reuses that address, leaves remaining balances in it, or continues directing deposits to wallets that should have been retired.
That exposure has reached a massive scale, with Glassnode noting that about 6.04 million Bitcoin, representing 30.2% of the asset’s circulating supply, are currently held in wallets with exposed public keys.
Bitcoin Supply by Quantum Safety (Source: Glassnode)
In Glassnode’s framework, public key exposure becomes the core metric for identifying wallets that would
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